RDP Houses and Renewable energy 
Build power houses not just houses.
Redefine the concept of black economic empowerment - empower the poor by making them farmers of energy
South Africa faces several large problems, amongst them housing; job creation; steady income for unskilled people; water and energy shortages.
Build power houses not just houses.
Redefine the concept of black economic empowerment - empower the poor by making them farmers of energy
South Africa faces several large problems, amongst them housing; job creation; steady income for unskilled people; water and energy shortages.
I believe that the RDP house can go a long way to addressing all these problems.
The Human settlements portfolio is the government portfolio in South Africa that can change the way people think about their house, their energy use and their means of accessing an income.
The RDP house could be the instrument that finally delivers black economic empowerment to those who have so far been excluded.
The world today
The age of Renewable Energy Technology is ready step onto the world stage, and it will be the lead actor for decades to come. Renewable Energy Technology will be the biggest and fastest generator of jobs seen in decades. The nations that make developing Renewable Energy Technology their top priority now; will be the leaders of tomorrow.
Africa has a tremendous advantage in this field precisely because it is energy poor. Before the start of the IT age it was commonly believed that Africa would never catch up with the technology of the West. With the arrival of wireless technology Africa didn’t need to catch up, but within ten years simply leapfrogged into a future that it took the developed world decades to reach. Today Africa is in the same position to leapfrog over the dirty, unsustainable, polluting energy technology of the developed world and become energy rich without further disturbing the balance of nature.
Africa does not yet have the massive investment in dirty energy, it does not have the outdated energy grids it doesn’t have even a small percentage of the coal burning plants it needs to bring energy to all Africans. This is a blessing in disguise as investment in the development and creation of clean energy could become a major new industry in Africa; providing not just clean energy but clean jobs. Unlike the politicians of developed nations the leaders of Africa do not have to convince their voters to move from old and comfortable dirty energy to clean sustainable energy in order to prevent a future of climatic chaos. African leaders can justify the implementation of completely innovative energy technology with immediate human need.
South Africa and energy
In the 1998 South African White Paper on Energy the then minister said that the energy policy ‘did not intend to reinvent the wheel’. Eleven years on we have discovered that the wheel is central to the planets climatic problems and reinventing it or throwing it out altogether is very much part of the energy policy of the developed world. In the ‘White Paper’ I came across the following statement. “We must open our economy to global industries, and by supplying cheap efficient energy we can do so”.
Yes, quite right, but in the context of today’s thinking so very wrong. Of course global industries are looking at South Africans ample supply of cheap energy in combination with its easy come easy go environmental policies with delight- South Africa is 14th in the world for CO2 emissions and its energy use to production ratio places South Africa 10th in the world for inefficient energy use. For a small, sparsely populated country where 40% of the population is not yet linked to the national grid these figures are shocking.
The biggest hurdle in getting South Africa to fully embrace new energy technology is its massive coal resource –South Africa is the fourth largest hard coal exporter in the world- these exports earn a massive part of the annual budget- and are very difficult thing to imagine the country doing without. But the fixation with monetary cost - as it is understood today- prevents decision makers from seeing that clean air, clean water and every other environmental thing that dirty energy impacts on will all be hard costs that will have to be factored into every energy budget in the very near future. In that context it would not be far fetched to state that; within 20 years from now the fully factored cost of energy from fossil fuels will be so high that South Africa’s coal will no longer be the cheapest but most expensive fuel on the planet. It is not inconceivable that producing energy from any fossil fuel will be outlawed or morally condemned- much like whaling is today- and global communities will enforce sanctions on any industry or country that insist on using them. In 2008 EU passed new coal standards that could see that lucrative market close for South African coal.
Giant corporations whose core function is to burn fossil fuels to provide energy are floating a host of new ideas including ‘clean coal’ –the storage of CO2 underground the drilling and burning of coal underground and scrubbing the emissions. All these are but stopgap measures. They remind me of the last days of the National Party. They knew it was all over bar the shouting but continued to try new and unsustainable ideas. In the end to no avail, the writing was on the wall, as it is with energy.
ESKOM /NERSA
The centralised utility builds on demand and there seems to be no forward planning to include renewable energies. From investigation it is clear that there is no desire to decentralise energy production.
In trying finding out how the big players in South Africa are planning for the future I sent a few questions to ESKOM. Their full reply can be read on my blog.
What is the current capped buy back rate the ESKOM is obliged to pay independent producers of renewable energy?
The National Energy Regulator (NERSA) has published various feed-in tariffs for renewable energy technologies above 1 MW and I invite you to go to their website to look at these rates. They have recently indicated that they will look at technologies below 1MW in the coming year. However what NERSA still has to do is publish the process by which suppliers will be selected and what the power purchase agreements will look like. They also have to finalise the mechanism by which the costs associated with these purchases will be translated into the overall tariff that an end consumer will pay.
What percentage of ESKOM's energy comes from independent renewable energy producers?
Currently there are no South African renewable independent power producers that Eskom purchases from. The Darling Wind farm has an agreement with the City of Cape Town. Eskom does have an agreement with HCB for power from the Cahora Bhassa dam. Currently that supplies up to 1500MW. Eskom has its own hydro generation power stations (up to 2000MW).
Why does the government/ESKOM feel it is necessary to have a competitive bidding process when this has been proven to be a system far inferior to that of a 'feed in' system without a bidding process?
The Department of Energy has published new regulations on the development of a country energy plan and the process that needs to be followed for procuring of energy from independent power producers. The implementation plan for this process is not yet clear and I am sure the Department of Energy will share more detail on how it sees this unfolding.
Why is there a resistance within government and EKSOM to decentralise energy production when this is a clear global trend?
I can not comment at this stage how the market structure for Electricity supply will evolve and I think one has to ask the Department of Energy for that view. It is clear that there are many views in Government, industry and the customer base. Currently the stated view from Government is the creation of 6 regional electricity distributors, the introduction of IPPs up to 30% of new generation capacity and the creation of some sort of Independent System Operator.
Is ESKOM planning for a future where no fossil fuels will be used for energy production?
Eskom is looking at how to deal with capping emissions and bringing it down and has developed certain strategies. Some of the solutions do include diversification from coal based generation sources to renewable and nuclear energy. However there has to be a country level discussion on these choices, who should undertake this work and how to fund the work. We are hoping that the Integrated Resource Plan due to be published by the Ministry of Energy in the coming month as recently stated by the Minister of Energy will start to share the details on the possible pathway to lower emissions future.
Is a symbiotic relationship with independent energy producer’s part of ESKOMS short term business plan?
Eskom has stated clearly that it welcomes IPPs as it diversifies the source of capital, introduces new skills and technologies and allows benchmarking. Eskom has also stated that the tariffs need to be structured to clearly account for the introduction of IPPs and separate that from the costs of Eskom.
From the above it is clear that all that there is a lot of buck passing and not much has been done to advance the production of renewable energies but talk.
But the most telling response from Eskom is the questions left unanswered;
Does South Africa have the technology to introduce a 'feed in' system from small scale independent renewable energy farmers?
Is ESKOM planning for a future where it will supply energy off grid?
Is ESKOM planning for a future where its role will shift from energy producer to energy distributor?
From the above it is clear that all that there is a lot of buck passing and not much has been done to advance the production of renewable energies but talk.
In South Africa ESKOM sits in the comfortable position of being the only player in energy supply of any note in Africa and today is on the receiving end of a 5 billion pound World Bank loan to build six new power stations. Also an additional R150 billion is earmarked for the upgrade of old power plants. With this financial muscle supporting the coal burning industry there is no real motivation to change the way they do business or produce energy today or think about how they will do business in the future. This short sighted view will cost the country dearly. The energy prices will rise again to pay back the loans and to fuel the power stations with increasingly expensive coal. The poorest in their RDP houses will pay an increasing percentage of their meagre income just to run their lights and heating; BEE fails again.
But imagine if some of these billions were diverted to solar power, wind power and updating the national grid to allow for small energy producers to feed in energy. What if energy was an open trade commodity allowing small energy farmers to produce energy for their own use and sell the surplus energy to the national grid thereby gaining direct benefits. These are exciting possibilities and are already in existence in Germany where a government ruling obliges the national energy suppliers to buy energy at a set rate from all who produce energy from renewable resources. This has seen Germany become one of the world’s biggest solar power producers; this is country that is not known for its sunny skies. The most exciting part of this is that many people are making a profit from their solar energy, turning what was just an ecologically friendly thing to do into a form of sustainable income. The city of Freiberg is one of the most successful examples of this system. Link at end of article.
Besides the entrenched thinking of ESKOM in South Africa the dramatic move to new energy insights is also being hampered by committees. There are the NERSA and ESKOM, NGO’s, PPD and a whole host of players all trying to bend the rules to suit their bottom line best.
To quote General Electric Chairman in Jeffery Immelt ‘What doesn’t exist today in the energy business is the hand of God ‘and to paraphrase the author Thomas L Friedman - oh to be China just for one day-to have the ability of the current leaders of China to simply cut through all their legacy industries, all the pleading special interest groups ,all the bureaucratic obstacles ,all the worries of voter backlash and simply put a top down order in to make the massive changes that our current energy and global warming crisis requires. Changes that will make people wring their hands for a few days and then simply accept the new status quo and move forward
The greatest leaps in technology were not made by committees but by single imaginative and courageous men.
The days of fossil fuel produced energy are drawing to a close. I believe my twenty year estimate is very conservative. In the early 1980’s the World Wide Web was but four computers linked together on the West coast of America. This was a computer communications network only for the use of very highly qualified technicians. Fax machine were the seventh wonder of the world, Cell phones did not exist and wireless was something you listened to the daily news on. Today a world without surfing the web is inconceivable. With energy the shift - once it starts - will be as dramatic. Already there is technology available that would be able to provide all the planets’ energy needs from clean renewable energies. The moment of decisive action is now, don’t be the one who looks back and says ‘if only
The RDP house
In a world where Renewable Energy Technology will soon become central to all thinking, the house should not be seen as just a basic social requirement, but central to the fiscal growth of a country. I believe the house of the future will be the catalyst for all the energy advances that we will make in the next decades and will sweep away thinking that we believe is entrenched and unchangeable.
The chronic housing shortage in South Africa combined with government commitment and control over the building of these houses -and the governments stated aim to provide affordable energy to poverty stricken and rural households- makes the South African RDP house potentially the greatest nursery for clean Renewable Energy Technology in the world. Never has a government been presented with such an opportunity to promote and fund Renewable Energy
Kuyasa project http://www.iclei-europe.org/index.php?id=kuyasa
At the northern fringe of the sprawling Kayelitsha township outside Cape Town a project is proving how a small addition of convenience and comfort can elevate the pride and hope of a community that allows them to take ownership of their houses, to make them homes and to turn their township into a close knit neighbourhood.
In the neighbourhood where the only ‘gold standard’ renewable energy project in Africa, Kuyasa is being piloted, laughing children run in the neat if haphazard streets. On the rooftops of these 2500 houses the sun is being harnessed to provide hot water to the households that until two years ago had to rely on boiling water with electrical energy or paraffin stoves. Now the sun provides the heat at no cost and with no power outages that the rest of the region is subjected to. The addition of solar geysers does not just represent a monetary saving for the households involved but a massive time saving and convenience that allows the households to spend time and effort on other projects. This has translated into people improving their houses by replacing doors and windows, adding rooms and car ports. There are hardly any backyard shacks to be seen, resulting in a township that has moved from simple shelter to neighbourly community.
My guide through this neighbourhood is visibly proud when I point out this very strong feeling of community. He is quick to tell me that that the addition of this energy saving devise has changed the atmosphere of the entire neighbourhood and that this neighbourhood is the envy of those surrounding it, not just because of the convenience of hot water, but also because of the security the resulting close-knit community has brought.
The NGO
In meeting with the NGO ‘South South North ’ who instigated the Kuyasa project I learn the difficulties of bringing sustainable energy to the people. While the housing policy includes sustainable development, it is difficult to put into practice - most people who struggle daily to put food on the table - the finer details of where their energy comes from does not concern them, until it hits their pocket. As the energy suppliers base all their decisions on demand; educating people about the possibilities of receiving free energy and even the possibility of earning an income from producing energy would be counter productive to those who control the production of energy. But without education the demand will never arise.
It this oppressive atmosphere it has taken 5 years to get the project registered and productive, after 5 years 2500 units are in place. Considering the huge advantages that are lost this is far too slow.
The builders
While certain improvements in specifications have been made since the first RDP houses were built, the specifications of the current RDP house are basic in the extreme. When submitting a tender the consideration is only about landed costs. There is no incentive to build more energy efficient houses .The recipients of the houses are insufficiently aware of the long term advantage of living in an energy efficient house so no demand is made. But once the people do install their own eclectic geysers and experience their first winter in their new houses they are then shocked to find the cost of electricity. Owning an RDP house built to the current standards places an added financial burden on the inhabitants not just because of the maintenance of the poorly built house but because the house is so energy hungry that it costs more to heat than their old shacks did. This is not just a huge cost too the inhabitants but also to the country.
The solution lies in the building specifications of the RDP house
With a simple mind shift that allows one to stop seeing RDP houses merely as low cost housing that must be constructed as quickly and cheaply as possible, to seeing these houses as potential energy farms , energy savers , income generators and finally as homes and stable communities.
In the face of the huge problem of just getting a roof over the head of every South African it is important not to loose sight of the day when every South African does have a roof but one that is barley adequate. It is important to visualize a future where water is a luxury, energy from fossil fuels outlawed and people are hampered by a constantly shrinking job market .Then, from this point of view, look back to where we are now and hopefully not have to say if only we did things differently from the beginning. To fix a thing after the fact is never as good or as inexpensive as too do it right from the beginning.
In 2008 the then Minister of Energy claimed that South Africa couldn’t supply the 100 000 solar heating systems they had planned for because South Africa doesn’t have the capacity to build them. With a change in RDP housing building specifications South Africa could enter into global partnerships with companies that already have done the technological spade work, but are waiting for a large investor to allow them to scale up and, with scale, bring prices down. Changing the building specifications could provide the incentive for investors to build the factories, create the jobs, and invest in the future.
The renewable energy race has only just started the future in clean energy has not yet been written. The Danish government is in the forefront of wind energy but their only distinction is that they are first. It doesn’t mean that they are the best or even right. Their technology it is based on a 7000 year old design – Chinese were using windmills to power their water pumps in 2000 BC- this is like using carrier pigeons to deliver our emails. There are hundreds of new designs that promise to be far superior to today’s solar panels and Denmark’s gigantic but inefficient wind turbines. Exciting new ideas such as solar paint are being explored. South Africa with it’s first world infrastructure , the knack of it’s people to be innovative thinkers , it’s culture of entrepreneurship and it’s intricate knowledge of low energy living conditions is perfectly positioned to be a world leader, innovator and exporter of renewable clean energy and clean energy systems. RDP Housing building specifications could be the catalyst that will spur technology through tax incentives, design competitions and the assurance that there is a market ready and waiting for the new energy creating devices
By turning the RDP houses into power houses, by demanding a passive ‘zero energy use’ standard (the house is designed as an energy producing unit which creates all its own energy) in the building specifications of the RDP house, these houses could instantly provide the scale needed to make new energy sources, new building methods and materials more cost effective than traditional brick and mortar, fossil fuelled houses. In a society that is not yet dependant on six electrical gadgets to shine its shoes and another four to brush its teeth, the concept of a zero energy use house is totally feasible with existing technology.
Future planning needs to include methods of sustainable income for those who might never enter the formal job market. With a change in building specifications the houses could become energy farms, by turning rooftops into solar fields. By doing this the government could not only provide free energy to these households, but the houses could sell back energy to the national grid, producing income for the RDP household or for the government ; thereby offsetting an initial increase in building costs. Energy farming is an ideal solution for the poor as they use little energy themselves and can feed in the bulk of their power during the daylight hours. A small battery can be charged for the energy requirements of the household at night. Thereby making it a win win situation for everybody. By integrating energy housing you can achieve not just shelter and stable society you can alleviate the growing energy crisis in the country and provide the poorest with a means of income.
The increase in building cost of the RDP housing energy unit should also been seen against the elimination of the need to build more power plants and electrical grids and the incalculable advantages for the health of the people and the planet. The high cost of installing solar energy is one that is much discussed and used as convenient excuse to continue using coal. However in the production of coal energy the cost and maintenance of the actual infrastructure is seldom mentioned or calculated into the price comparative. Looking to the future the price of fossil fuels will continue to rise. Solar energy prices are static once the infrastructure has been built and paid back there are some maintenance cost but no fuel costs. Coal might be cheap but the sun and wind are free. Given scale the start up costs of solar or wind energy will be a fraction of building a power plant.
With the use of renewable energy as a government standard, RDP developments that are planned in areas that are not yet connected to the national grid will not have to wait for this infrastructure. Renewable energy producers already exist that can provide all the energy requirements for a small community.
In the above argument I have not touched on the need to save water and the further possibility of sustainable income through the use of dry toilets but even these questions can be answered by changing the building specifications of RDP houses.
I believe the human settlements portfolio is the most important portfolio in South Africa and that by changing the specifications of the RDP house you can create houses that are heated and comfortable. Houses that supply their inhabitants with free energy and provide them with a source of income. You could provide industries with energy, save South Africans valuable water resource and turn our human waste into a sustainable nutritious totally ecologically friendly agricultural fertilizer
South African could leapfrog the world and become a leader in clean Renewable Energy Technology. Will you grab the chance?
In a nutshell
There are several pressing problems in South Africa today
Housing shortage
Job shortage
Energy shortage
Water shortage
Crime/lack of ownership
Set these problems against the government promise of
Houses for all
Affordable energy/free energy
Job creation/ sustainable income
Community shared ownership pride/decreased crime
The solution lies in the building specifications of the RDP house - by creating a building standard that aims at building the most energy efficient houses ,all these problems can be addressed. With the scale of the RDP housing project that is already planned and budgeted for. The new building standards could lay the foundation for new industry, international investment, sustainable income for unskilled labour and job creation.
All RDP houses should from now on comply with basic passive energy housing standards
All RDP houses should be fitted with solar geysers Photovoltaic cells that feed directly into the national grid from which the community gets paid for all excess energy it creates.
All houses should be fitted with dry toilets, excluding the need for expensive waste pipes and water and providing the community with another sustainable income generating product. Fertilizer from human waste.
All RDP houses to be fitted with rain water tanks and recycling grey water run-off systems.
All RDP houses / groups of houses to be built with sufficient garden area to allow inhabitants to produce a portion of their own vegetables
A percentage of building in the RDP zone to be specifically set aside for commerce
The manufacture of all building materials for the RDP housing development to built as close to the RDP centre as possible
Bicycle tracks to be laid out with bicycle parking.
For outlying areas not yet linked to the national grid alternative energy sources should be the first consideration. High altitude wind turbines for small rural communities already exist.
LINKS; There are thousands more but these provide an inspirational start.
Solar
http://www.solarregion.freiburg.de/solarregion/freiburg_solar_city.php
http://www.coolearthsolar.com/
http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10080034-54.html
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/01/solar_village_b.php
Human
http://www.drytoilet.org/
http://www.trematic.com/IMG/pdf/Dry_Toilet_in_Cambodia.pdf
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/poster_Santosh_and_Jagar.pdf
Wind
http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/climate_change/energy/Saharan_solar_project_moves_closer_to_reality.html?siteSect=22064&sid=10955825&cKey=1248936863000&ty=st&rs=yes
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/aug/03/renewableenergy.energy
http://gcaptain.com/maritime/blog/the-most-interesting-wind-turbine-designs/
http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/2008/01/alternative-wind-power-experiments.html
The Human settlements portfolio is the government portfolio in South Africa that can change the way people think about their house, their energy use and their means of accessing an income.
The RDP house could be the instrument that finally delivers black economic empowerment to those who have so far been excluded.
The world today
The age of Renewable Energy Technology is ready step onto the world stage, and it will be the lead actor for decades to come. Renewable Energy Technology will be the biggest and fastest generator of jobs seen in decades. The nations that make developing Renewable Energy Technology their top priority now; will be the leaders of tomorrow.
Africa has a tremendous advantage in this field precisely because it is energy poor. Before the start of the IT age it was commonly believed that Africa would never catch up with the technology of the West. With the arrival of wireless technology Africa didn’t need to catch up, but within ten years simply leapfrogged into a future that it took the developed world decades to reach. Today Africa is in the same position to leapfrog over the dirty, unsustainable, polluting energy technology of the developed world and become energy rich without further disturbing the balance of nature.
Africa does not yet have the massive investment in dirty energy, it does not have the outdated energy grids it doesn’t have even a small percentage of the coal burning plants it needs to bring energy to all Africans. This is a blessing in disguise as investment in the development and creation of clean energy could become a major new industry in Africa; providing not just clean energy but clean jobs. Unlike the politicians of developed nations the leaders of Africa do not have to convince their voters to move from old and comfortable dirty energy to clean sustainable energy in order to prevent a future of climatic chaos. African leaders can justify the implementation of completely innovative energy technology with immediate human need.
South Africa and energy
In the 1998 South African White Paper on Energy the then minister said that the energy policy ‘did not intend to reinvent the wheel’. Eleven years on we have discovered that the wheel is central to the planets climatic problems and reinventing it or throwing it out altogether is very much part of the energy policy of the developed world. In the ‘White Paper’ I came across the following statement. “We must open our economy to global industries, and by supplying cheap efficient energy we can do so”.
Yes, quite right, but in the context of today’s thinking so very wrong. Of course global industries are looking at South Africans ample supply of cheap energy in combination with its easy come easy go environmental policies with delight- South Africa is 14th in the world for CO2 emissions and its energy use to production ratio places South Africa 10th in the world for inefficient energy use. For a small, sparsely populated country where 40% of the population is not yet linked to the national grid these figures are shocking.
The biggest hurdle in getting South Africa to fully embrace new energy technology is its massive coal resource –South Africa is the fourth largest hard coal exporter in the world- these exports earn a massive part of the annual budget- and are very difficult thing to imagine the country doing without. But the fixation with monetary cost - as it is understood today- prevents decision makers from seeing that clean air, clean water and every other environmental thing that dirty energy impacts on will all be hard costs that will have to be factored into every energy budget in the very near future. In that context it would not be far fetched to state that; within 20 years from now the fully factored cost of energy from fossil fuels will be so high that South Africa’s coal will no longer be the cheapest but most expensive fuel on the planet. It is not inconceivable that producing energy from any fossil fuel will be outlawed or morally condemned- much like whaling is today- and global communities will enforce sanctions on any industry or country that insist on using them. In 2008 EU passed new coal standards that could see that lucrative market close for South African coal.
Giant corporations whose core function is to burn fossil fuels to provide energy are floating a host of new ideas including ‘clean coal’ –the storage of CO2 underground the drilling and burning of coal underground and scrubbing the emissions. All these are but stopgap measures. They remind me of the last days of the National Party. They knew it was all over bar the shouting but continued to try new and unsustainable ideas. In the end to no avail, the writing was on the wall, as it is with energy.
ESKOM /NERSA
The centralised utility builds on demand and there seems to be no forward planning to include renewable energies. From investigation it is clear that there is no desire to decentralise energy production.
In trying finding out how the big players in South Africa are planning for the future I sent a few questions to ESKOM. Their full reply can be read on my blog.
What is the current capped buy back rate the ESKOM is obliged to pay independent producers of renewable energy?
The National Energy Regulator (NERSA) has published various feed-in tariffs for renewable energy technologies above 1 MW and I invite you to go to their website to look at these rates. They have recently indicated that they will look at technologies below 1MW in the coming year. However what NERSA still has to do is publish the process by which suppliers will be selected and what the power purchase agreements will look like. They also have to finalise the mechanism by which the costs associated with these purchases will be translated into the overall tariff that an end consumer will pay.
What percentage of ESKOM's energy comes from independent renewable energy producers?
Currently there are no South African renewable independent power producers that Eskom purchases from. The Darling Wind farm has an agreement with the City of Cape Town. Eskom does have an agreement with HCB for power from the Cahora Bhassa dam. Currently that supplies up to 1500MW. Eskom has its own hydro generation power stations (up to 2000MW).
Why does the government/ESKOM feel it is necessary to have a competitive bidding process when this has been proven to be a system far inferior to that of a 'feed in' system without a bidding process?
The Department of Energy has published new regulations on the development of a country energy plan and the process that needs to be followed for procuring of energy from independent power producers. The implementation plan for this process is not yet clear and I am sure the Department of Energy will share more detail on how it sees this unfolding.
Why is there a resistance within government and EKSOM to decentralise energy production when this is a clear global trend?
I can not comment at this stage how the market structure for Electricity supply will evolve and I think one has to ask the Department of Energy for that view. It is clear that there are many views in Government, industry and the customer base. Currently the stated view from Government is the creation of 6 regional electricity distributors, the introduction of IPPs up to 30% of new generation capacity and the creation of some sort of Independent System Operator.
Is ESKOM planning for a future where no fossil fuels will be used for energy production?
Eskom is looking at how to deal with capping emissions and bringing it down and has developed certain strategies. Some of the solutions do include diversification from coal based generation sources to renewable and nuclear energy. However there has to be a country level discussion on these choices, who should undertake this work and how to fund the work. We are hoping that the Integrated Resource Plan due to be published by the Ministry of Energy in the coming month as recently stated by the Minister of Energy will start to share the details on the possible pathway to lower emissions future.
Is a symbiotic relationship with independent energy producer’s part of ESKOMS short term business plan?
Eskom has stated clearly that it welcomes IPPs as it diversifies the source of capital, introduces new skills and technologies and allows benchmarking. Eskom has also stated that the tariffs need to be structured to clearly account for the introduction of IPPs and separate that from the costs of Eskom.
From the above it is clear that all that there is a lot of buck passing and not much has been done to advance the production of renewable energies but talk.
But the most telling response from Eskom is the questions left unanswered;
Does South Africa have the technology to introduce a 'feed in' system from small scale independent renewable energy farmers?
Is ESKOM planning for a future where it will supply energy off grid?
Is ESKOM planning for a future where its role will shift from energy producer to energy distributor?
From the above it is clear that all that there is a lot of buck passing and not much has been done to advance the production of renewable energies but talk.
In South Africa ESKOM sits in the comfortable position of being the only player in energy supply of any note in Africa and today is on the receiving end of a 5 billion pound World Bank loan to build six new power stations. Also an additional R150 billion is earmarked for the upgrade of old power plants. With this financial muscle supporting the coal burning industry there is no real motivation to change the way they do business or produce energy today or think about how they will do business in the future. This short sighted view will cost the country dearly. The energy prices will rise again to pay back the loans and to fuel the power stations with increasingly expensive coal. The poorest in their RDP houses will pay an increasing percentage of their meagre income just to run their lights and heating; BEE fails again.
But imagine if some of these billions were diverted to solar power, wind power and updating the national grid to allow for small energy producers to feed in energy. What if energy was an open trade commodity allowing small energy farmers to produce energy for their own use and sell the surplus energy to the national grid thereby gaining direct benefits. These are exciting possibilities and are already in existence in Germany where a government ruling obliges the national energy suppliers to buy energy at a set rate from all who produce energy from renewable resources. This has seen Germany become one of the world’s biggest solar power producers; this is country that is not known for its sunny skies. The most exciting part of this is that many people are making a profit from their solar energy, turning what was just an ecologically friendly thing to do into a form of sustainable income. The city of Freiberg is one of the most successful examples of this system. Link at end of article.
Besides the entrenched thinking of ESKOM in South Africa the dramatic move to new energy insights is also being hampered by committees. There are the NERSA and ESKOM, NGO’s, PPD and a whole host of players all trying to bend the rules to suit their bottom line best.
To quote General Electric Chairman in Jeffery Immelt ‘What doesn’t exist today in the energy business is the hand of God ‘and to paraphrase the author Thomas L Friedman - oh to be China just for one day-to have the ability of the current leaders of China to simply cut through all their legacy industries, all the pleading special interest groups ,all the bureaucratic obstacles ,all the worries of voter backlash and simply put a top down order in to make the massive changes that our current energy and global warming crisis requires. Changes that will make people wring their hands for a few days and then simply accept the new status quo and move forward
The greatest leaps in technology were not made by committees but by single imaginative and courageous men.
The days of fossil fuel produced energy are drawing to a close. I believe my twenty year estimate is very conservative. In the early 1980’s the World Wide Web was but four computers linked together on the West coast of America. This was a computer communications network only for the use of very highly qualified technicians. Fax machine were the seventh wonder of the world, Cell phones did not exist and wireless was something you listened to the daily news on. Today a world without surfing the web is inconceivable. With energy the shift - once it starts - will be as dramatic. Already there is technology available that would be able to provide all the planets’ energy needs from clean renewable energies. The moment of decisive action is now, don’t be the one who looks back and says ‘if only
The RDP house
In a world where Renewable Energy Technology will soon become central to all thinking, the house should not be seen as just a basic social requirement, but central to the fiscal growth of a country. I believe the house of the future will be the catalyst for all the energy advances that we will make in the next decades and will sweep away thinking that we believe is entrenched and unchangeable.
The chronic housing shortage in South Africa combined with government commitment and control over the building of these houses -and the governments stated aim to provide affordable energy to poverty stricken and rural households- makes the South African RDP house potentially the greatest nursery for clean Renewable Energy Technology in the world. Never has a government been presented with such an opportunity to promote and fund Renewable Energy
Kuyasa project http://www.iclei-europe.org/index.php?id=kuyasa
At the northern fringe of the sprawling Kayelitsha township outside Cape Town a project is proving how a small addition of convenience and comfort can elevate the pride and hope of a community that allows them to take ownership of their houses, to make them homes and to turn their township into a close knit neighbourhood.
In the neighbourhood where the only ‘gold standard’ renewable energy project in Africa, Kuyasa is being piloted, laughing children run in the neat if haphazard streets. On the rooftops of these 2500 houses the sun is being harnessed to provide hot water to the households that until two years ago had to rely on boiling water with electrical energy or paraffin stoves. Now the sun provides the heat at no cost and with no power outages that the rest of the region is subjected to. The addition of solar geysers does not just represent a monetary saving for the households involved but a massive time saving and convenience that allows the households to spend time and effort on other projects. This has translated into people improving their houses by replacing doors and windows, adding rooms and car ports. There are hardly any backyard shacks to be seen, resulting in a township that has moved from simple shelter to neighbourly community.
My guide through this neighbourhood is visibly proud when I point out this very strong feeling of community. He is quick to tell me that that the addition of this energy saving devise has changed the atmosphere of the entire neighbourhood and that this neighbourhood is the envy of those surrounding it, not just because of the convenience of hot water, but also because of the security the resulting close-knit community has brought.
The NGO
In meeting with the NGO ‘South South North ’ who instigated the Kuyasa project I learn the difficulties of bringing sustainable energy to the people. While the housing policy includes sustainable development, it is difficult to put into practice - most people who struggle daily to put food on the table - the finer details of where their energy comes from does not concern them, until it hits their pocket. As the energy suppliers base all their decisions on demand; educating people about the possibilities of receiving free energy and even the possibility of earning an income from producing energy would be counter productive to those who control the production of energy. But without education the demand will never arise.
It this oppressive atmosphere it has taken 5 years to get the project registered and productive, after 5 years 2500 units are in place. Considering the huge advantages that are lost this is far too slow.
The builders
While certain improvements in specifications have been made since the first RDP houses were built, the specifications of the current RDP house are basic in the extreme. When submitting a tender the consideration is only about landed costs. There is no incentive to build more energy efficient houses .The recipients of the houses are insufficiently aware of the long term advantage of living in an energy efficient house so no demand is made. But once the people do install their own eclectic geysers and experience their first winter in their new houses they are then shocked to find the cost of electricity. Owning an RDP house built to the current standards places an added financial burden on the inhabitants not just because of the maintenance of the poorly built house but because the house is so energy hungry that it costs more to heat than their old shacks did. This is not just a huge cost too the inhabitants but also to the country.
The solution lies in the building specifications of the RDP house
With a simple mind shift that allows one to stop seeing RDP houses merely as low cost housing that must be constructed as quickly and cheaply as possible, to seeing these houses as potential energy farms , energy savers , income generators and finally as homes and stable communities.
In the face of the huge problem of just getting a roof over the head of every South African it is important not to loose sight of the day when every South African does have a roof but one that is barley adequate. It is important to visualize a future where water is a luxury, energy from fossil fuels outlawed and people are hampered by a constantly shrinking job market .Then, from this point of view, look back to where we are now and hopefully not have to say if only we did things differently from the beginning. To fix a thing after the fact is never as good or as inexpensive as too do it right from the beginning.
In 2008 the then Minister of Energy claimed that South Africa couldn’t supply the 100 000 solar heating systems they had planned for because South Africa doesn’t have the capacity to build them. With a change in RDP housing building specifications South Africa could enter into global partnerships with companies that already have done the technological spade work, but are waiting for a large investor to allow them to scale up and, with scale, bring prices down. Changing the building specifications could provide the incentive for investors to build the factories, create the jobs, and invest in the future.
The renewable energy race has only just started the future in clean energy has not yet been written. The Danish government is in the forefront of wind energy but their only distinction is that they are first. It doesn’t mean that they are the best or even right. Their technology it is based on a 7000 year old design – Chinese were using windmills to power their water pumps in 2000 BC- this is like using carrier pigeons to deliver our emails. There are hundreds of new designs that promise to be far superior to today’s solar panels and Denmark’s gigantic but inefficient wind turbines. Exciting new ideas such as solar paint are being explored. South Africa with it’s first world infrastructure , the knack of it’s people to be innovative thinkers , it’s culture of entrepreneurship and it’s intricate knowledge of low energy living conditions is perfectly positioned to be a world leader, innovator and exporter of renewable clean energy and clean energy systems. RDP Housing building specifications could be the catalyst that will spur technology through tax incentives, design competitions and the assurance that there is a market ready and waiting for the new energy creating devices
By turning the RDP houses into power houses, by demanding a passive ‘zero energy use’ standard (the house is designed as an energy producing unit which creates all its own energy) in the building specifications of the RDP house, these houses could instantly provide the scale needed to make new energy sources, new building methods and materials more cost effective than traditional brick and mortar, fossil fuelled houses. In a society that is not yet dependant on six electrical gadgets to shine its shoes and another four to brush its teeth, the concept of a zero energy use house is totally feasible with existing technology.
Future planning needs to include methods of sustainable income for those who might never enter the formal job market. With a change in building specifications the houses could become energy farms, by turning rooftops into solar fields. By doing this the government could not only provide free energy to these households, but the houses could sell back energy to the national grid, producing income for the RDP household or for the government ; thereby offsetting an initial increase in building costs. Energy farming is an ideal solution for the poor as they use little energy themselves and can feed in the bulk of their power during the daylight hours. A small battery can be charged for the energy requirements of the household at night. Thereby making it a win win situation for everybody. By integrating energy housing you can achieve not just shelter and stable society you can alleviate the growing energy crisis in the country and provide the poorest with a means of income.
The increase in building cost of the RDP housing energy unit should also been seen against the elimination of the need to build more power plants and electrical grids and the incalculable advantages for the health of the people and the planet. The high cost of installing solar energy is one that is much discussed and used as convenient excuse to continue using coal. However in the production of coal energy the cost and maintenance of the actual infrastructure is seldom mentioned or calculated into the price comparative. Looking to the future the price of fossil fuels will continue to rise. Solar energy prices are static once the infrastructure has been built and paid back there are some maintenance cost but no fuel costs. Coal might be cheap but the sun and wind are free. Given scale the start up costs of solar or wind energy will be a fraction of building a power plant.
With the use of renewable energy as a government standard, RDP developments that are planned in areas that are not yet connected to the national grid will not have to wait for this infrastructure. Renewable energy producers already exist that can provide all the energy requirements for a small community.
In the above argument I have not touched on the need to save water and the further possibility of sustainable income through the use of dry toilets but even these questions can be answered by changing the building specifications of RDP houses.
I believe the human settlements portfolio is the most important portfolio in South Africa and that by changing the specifications of the RDP house you can create houses that are heated and comfortable. Houses that supply their inhabitants with free energy and provide them with a source of income. You could provide industries with energy, save South Africans valuable water resource and turn our human waste into a sustainable nutritious totally ecologically friendly agricultural fertilizer
South African could leapfrog the world and become a leader in clean Renewable Energy Technology. Will you grab the chance?
In a nutshell
There are several pressing problems in South Africa today
Housing shortage
Job shortage
Energy shortage
Water shortage
Crime/lack of ownership
Set these problems against the government promise of
Houses for all
Affordable energy/free energy
Job creation/ sustainable income
Community shared ownership pride/decreased crime
The solution lies in the building specifications of the RDP house - by creating a building standard that aims at building the most energy efficient houses ,all these problems can be addressed. With the scale of the RDP housing project that is already planned and budgeted for. The new building standards could lay the foundation for new industry, international investment, sustainable income for unskilled labour and job creation.
All RDP houses should from now on comply with basic passive energy housing standards
All RDP houses should be fitted with solar geysers Photovoltaic cells that feed directly into the national grid from which the community gets paid for all excess energy it creates.
All houses should be fitted with dry toilets, excluding the need for expensive waste pipes and water and providing the community with another sustainable income generating product. Fertilizer from human waste.
All RDP houses to be fitted with rain water tanks and recycling grey water run-off systems.
All RDP houses / groups of houses to be built with sufficient garden area to allow inhabitants to produce a portion of their own vegetables
A percentage of building in the RDP zone to be specifically set aside for commerce
The manufacture of all building materials for the RDP housing development to built as close to the RDP centre as possible
Bicycle tracks to be laid out with bicycle parking.
For outlying areas not yet linked to the national grid alternative energy sources should be the first consideration. High altitude wind turbines for small rural communities already exist.
LINKS; There are thousands more but these provide an inspirational start.
Solar
http://www.solarregion.freiburg.de/solarregion/freiburg_solar_city.php
http://www.coolearthsolar.com/
http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10080034-54.html
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/01/solar_village_b.php
Human
http://www.drytoilet.org/
http://www.trematic.com/IMG/pdf/Dry_Toilet_in_Cambodia.pdf
http://www.drytoilet.org/dt2009/pdf/poster_Santosh_and_Jagar.pdf
Wind
http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/climate_change/energy/Saharan_solar_project_moves_closer_to_reality.html?siteSect=22064&sid=10955825&cKey=1248936863000&ty=st&rs=yes
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/aug/03/renewableenergy.energy
http://gcaptain.com/maritime/blog/the-most-interesting-wind-turbine-designs/
http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/2008/01/alternative-wind-power-experiments.html
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